Ipconfig when it's acting up, note the completely incorrect IP range and subnet mask:
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::98ea:2e7a:9b77:101e%10
Autoconfiguration IPv4 Address. . : 169.254.16.30
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.0.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :
The awesome unidentified network:

My router's LAN+DHCP settings:

And ipconfig again, after a power cycle with things working dandy
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::98ea:2e7a:9b77:101e%10
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.30
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1
My google-fu failed to return any fixes in this case. :( Speaking with my flatmates, my PC is not the only one affected by this. Removing my static IP (as shown above) does not fix this. Manually setting an IP rather than relying on DHCP also does not fix this, surprisingly, indicating that it may not even be a DHCP problem?
Help me geeki wan zoneabi, you're my only hope!
edit: fixed images and code tags