Hmm.. You have quite interesting question.
I'd recommend to check VNC/RDP first. At least you will see advantages/disadvantages of this solution.
Remote desktops usually allows you to work with programs remotely, while chromecase and similar allows you to watch streaming videos (raspberry also can do that right?). This is because video streaming is quite hard thing. It is either enormous in traffic for raw videos (and even motion jpg) or high load for well compressed (like mp4). That's why you have two types of utils. However, times changed and modern computers are powerful enough to encode video stream into mp4 (xvid, h.264, etc).
So I'm sure that there some utilities that stream screen output encoded in reasonable bit rate. If you had linux on your PC you could just run
ffmpeg -framerate ntsc -video_size 640x480 -f x11grab -i :0.0 -vcodec libx264 -crf 26 -preset fast -f mpegts udp://<ip>:<port>
This stream can be played fullscreen on raspberry using mplayer or vlc. You will need to play with choosing right codec and bitrate for raspberry.
For mouse and keyboard sharing you can use synergy. It should be compiled for raspberry. Just configure remote pc on raspberry client as left or right screen.
There is ffmpeg for windows as well, so might be this approach will work for you.
Anyway, I will not be surprised if there are some utilities that already use this approach in some good front-end app.
UPD. After quick googling, found article that might help you: http://nerdlogger.com/2011/11/03/stream-your-windows-desktop-using-ffmpeg/